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  • Article

    Durham Report

    In 1838, the British politician Lord Durham was sent to British North America to investigate the causes of the rebellions of 1837–38 in the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada. Durham's famous Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839) led to a series of reforms and changes. These included uniting the two Canadas into a single colony, the Province of Canada, in 1841. (See also: Act of Union.) The report also paved the way for responsible government. This was a critical step in the development of Canadian democracy. The report played an important role in the evolution of Canada’s political independence from Britain.

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  • Article

    Durham Report (Plain-Language Summary)

    In late 1837, violent rebellions took place in Upper and Lower Canada. (See Rebellions of 1837–38 [Plain-Language Summary].) In May 1838, Lord Durham was sent from Britain to find out what had caused the unrest. His Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839) led to a series of reforms. These included merging the two Canadas into the Province of Canada. This was done through the Act of Union in 1841. The report also paved the way for responsible government. This was a vital step in Canada’s path toward democracy and independence from Britain. This article is a plain-language summary of the Durham Report. If you would like to read about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Durham Report.

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  • Article

    Duty to Consult

    The duty to consult is a statutory, contractual and common law obligation that must be fulfilled by the Crown prior to taking actions or making decisions that may have consequences for the rights of Indigenous peoples in Canada. The duty to consult has been affirmed and clarified by various Supreme Court of Canada rulings, such as the Haida case (2004) and the Beckman v. Little Salmon/Carmacks case (2010). The duty to consult is considered by many to be an important step toward reconciliation with Indigenous peoples.

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  • Article

    Eagle

    A large bird of prey, the eagle (family Accipitridae) has exceptionally keen vision, long, powerful wings, a hooked bill and strong feet with sharp curved talons.

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  • Article

    Early-Childhood Education

    Early-childhood education embraces a variety of group care and education programs for young children and parents.

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  • Article

    Early French Measurement

    Early French Measurement French Unit English Equivalent Metric Equivalent pied 1.066 feet .325 m toise (6 pieds) 6.40 feet 1.95 m perche (3 toises) 19.18 feet 5.85 m arpent (10 perches) 191.8 feet 58.5 m lieue (84 arpents) 3.05 miles 4.91 km For more information see the article weights & measures. 

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  • Article

    Early-Warning Radar

    Air-defence radar stations were first established in Canada along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts in 1942, but were dismantled following the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945.

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  • Article

    Early Women’s Movements in Canada: 1867–1960

    ​Women’s movements (or, feminist movements) of the 19th and early-20th century — often referred to as first-wave feminism — included campaigns in support of temperance, women’s suffrage, pacifism, as well as labour and health rights.

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  • Article

    Earthquake

    An earthquake is a vibratory motion generated from the movement of rock along a fault line beneath the Earth’s surface. More than 4,000 earthquakes occur in Canada every year, though the majority of these are not felt. The principal regions for seismic activity in Canada are: the coast of British Columbia; the Cordillera region; the Arctic; and to a lesser extent, the eastern provinces and the eastern seaboard. 

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  • Article

    Earthworm

    Earthworm, is a segmented worm of phylum Annelida, class Oligochaeta. The class comprises some 14 families, including Lumbricidae, to which the common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) belongs. Earthworms are separated from other oligochaetes by a combination of characteristics, including 8 setae per segment; multicellular clitellum; small eggs without yolks; 2 pairs of testes and one pair of ovaries; male pores opening behind female; and relatively large size, compared to aquatic species. 

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  • Article

    Earwig

    Earwigs are insects in the taxonomic order Dermaptera, meaning “skin wing,” a name that refers to the short, leathery forewings that cover and protect their large, folded hindwings. Approximately 2,000 species of earwig are described worldwide, with about 7 species recorded in Canada. Contrary to common myths, earwigs do not crawl into ears, and this folklore has no basis in fact. Earwigs can be beneficial to gardeners by acting as scavengers, detritivores and predators of pest insects. However, in high numbers, they can be a nuisance.

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  • Article

    East India Company

    The East India Company was the trading company chartered in 1600 by Elizabeth I of England with a monopoly over the Eastern Hemisphere.

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  • Macleans

    East Timor Reprisal

    First came the assurances.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on September 20, 1999

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  • Macleans

    East Timor Votes for Independence

    After nearly a quarter of a century, the people of tiny, impoverished East Timor finally had the chance to say what future they wanted - independence, or staying a part of Indonesia. As a phenomenal 98.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on September 13, 1999

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  • Article

    Easter, Lent, the Passion

    Easter, Lent, the Passion. The term 'Easter music' is used to describe all music specific to the season beginning with Ash Wednesday, through Holy Week and ending with the Ascension.

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