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  • Article

    Canadian Armed Forces Programs for Indigenous Peoples

    Indigenous peoples in Canada have a long history of service to the military, stretching back to French and British colonial days. Since Confederation in 1867, First Nations, Inuit and Métis members have continued the military tradition of their forebears and served in all branches of the armed forces. They have done this despite frequently facing exclusion and discrimination. Indigenous people account for approximately 5 per cent of Canada’s population. Figures from the Department of National Defence as of December 2024 note that 3 per cent of the Regular Force and Primary Reserve members of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) self-identified as Indigenous. This number does not include the Canadian Rangers, which report 27.2 per cent Indigenous members. However, some argue the actual number of Indigenous members of the CAF may be higher than reported, particularly in the Canadian Rangers.

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  • Article

    Canadian Army

    The history of the Canadian Army parallels that of Canada itself. What started as a small Confederation-era militia was built into a respected force of mostly citizen soldiers for the First and Second World Wars. From the Korean War to United Nations peacekeeping to Afghanistan and Latvia — despite limited resources and sometimes ill-defined missions — Canada's now largely professional army has served with distinction around the globe.

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  • Article

    Canadian Army Medical Corps Nursing Sisters

    More than 2,800 trained civilian nurses enlisted with the Canadian army during the First World War, becoming the first women in the modern world to hold military commissions as officers. As members of the Canadian Army Medical Corps (CAMC), the nursing sisters treated and cared for wounded soldiers overseas and at home. At least 58 died from disease or enemy action during the war.

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  • Article

    Canadian Army Meteorological Group

    The Canadian Army Meteorological Group (CAMG) was a Second World War unit that provided meteorological data to artillery units. The CAMG was involved in key campaigns during the war in Italy and Northwest Europe. Meteorological information helped improve the accuracy of artillery fire, contributing to Allied victory in the war.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/CAMG/Meteorology-observer.jpg Canadian Army Meteorological Group
  • Article

    Canadian Army Organization

    The Canadian Army is organized into four geographically based divisions, as well as a headquarters and a doctrine and training centre. The divisions include regular and reserve units. The head of the Canadian Army is a lieutenant-general; the current commander, Lieutenant-General Michael Wright, assumed that position on 12 July 2024. As of October 2025, the army comprised about 22,000 Regular Force soldiers, 20,000 Reservists, 5,000 Canadian Rangers and 3,500 civilian employees.

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  • Article

    Canadian Association of College and University Libraries

    Canadian Association of College and University Libraries, established 1963, is a division of the Canadian Library Association.

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  • Article

    Canadian Association of Music Libraries/Association canadienne des bibliothèques musicales

    Canadian Association of Music Libraries (CAML)/Association canadienne des bibliothèques musicales (ACBM). The Canadian branch of the International Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres (IAML).

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  • Article

    Canadian Aviation Corps

    The Canadian Aviation Corps was formed in September 1914, immediately after the start of the First World War. The three-person, one-plane unit sailed to Britain with the First Canadian Contingent in early October 1914 but never saw active service. The CAC was disbanded in May 1915. Canada would not have a permanent air force until 1924 (see Royal Canadian Air Force).

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  • Article

    Canadian Bar Association

    Canadian Bar Association represents over 35 000 lawyers, judges, notaries, law teachers, and law students from across Canada.

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  • Article

    Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

    The Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum began as a non-profit, charitable foundation in 1983. While its original home was in Toronto, the Hall of Fame and Museum moved to its current location in St. Marys, in southwestern Ontario, in 1994, following the St. Marys Cement Company's donation of 32 acres of land to the Hall of Fame. In 1998 it finally opened its doors to the public.

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  • Article

    Canadian Bible Society

    Canadian Bible Society, was founded in 1904 to publish and distribute biblical scriptures and to make the bible available to all who could read it.

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  • Article

    Canadian Bill of Rights

    The Canadian Bill of Rights was the country’s first federal law to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. It was considered groundbreaking when it was enacted by the government of John Diefenbaker in 1960. But it proved too limited and ineffective, mainly because it applies only to federal statutes and not provincial ones. Many judges regarded it as a mere interpretive aid. The bill was cited in 35 cases between 1960 and 1982; thirty were rejected by the courts. Though it is still in effect, the Bill of Rights was superseded by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982.

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  • Article

    Canadian Bill of Rights (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Canadian Bill of Rights was the country’s first federal law to protect human rights and freedoms. It was groundbreaking when it was passed in 1960. But it proved too limited and ineffective. It applies only to federal statutes and not provincial ones. This is because the Bill did not receive provincial consent. The Bill is still in effect. But it was overridden by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. Unlike the Charter, the Bill of Rights is not part of the Constitution. This article is a plain-language summary of the Canadian Bill of Rights. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Canadian Bill of Rights.

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  • Article

    Canadian Blood Services

    Canadian Blood Services is a Canadian nonprofit charitable organization. It serves as Canada’s primary national blood authority (outside Quebec, which has its own provincial service called Héma-Québec). Canadian Blood Services provides blood and plasma, as well as transfusion and stem cell registry services throughout the country. The organization collaborates closely with its Quebec counterpart, sharing blood products, when necessary, as well as regularly sharing insights, information and data. Canadian Blood Services also maintains a national organ transplant registry.

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  • Macleans

    Canadian Brain Research

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on January 22, 1996. Partner content is not updated.

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