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  • Article

    Biological Oceanography

    Biological Oceanography is a branch of oceanography that studies living organisms (ie, the biota) in the sea in relation to their environments. The subject is interdisciplinary, requiring an understanding of the interactions among different marine organisms and of how the physical and chemical processes of the sea affect its living communities. The biota is generally taken to include three major groups of organisms: the plankton (pelagic plants or animals that float or drift almost passively in the water), the nekton (swimming pelagic animals) and the benthos (seafloor organisms). Biological oceanography is often viewed as a series of food chains in the sea. 

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  • Article

    Biological Product

    A biological product is a substance derived from a living organism and used for the prevention or treatment of disease. Biologicals are usually too complex for chemical synthesis by a laboratory. These products include antitoxins, bacterial and viral vaccines, blood products and hormone extracts.

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  • Article

    Biology

    Biology [Gk bios "life," logos "discourse" or "reasoning"] is the science of life, embracing all studies of living organisms and, as such, is inherently interdisciplinary. Attempts by some specialists to use the term in a narrow sense are shortsighted and damaging. 

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  • Article

    Biomass Energy

    Biomass energy, or bioenergy, is the energy stored in biomass — that is, nonfossil organic materials such as wood, straw, vegetable oils and wastes from forestry, agriculture and industry, as well as municipal solid waste. Like the energy in fossil fuels (e.g., coal), bioenergy is derived from solar energy stored in plants through the process of photosynthesis. The principal difference is that fossil fuels require thousands of years to be converted into usable forms, while properly managed biomass energy can be used in an ongoing, renewable fashion. In Canada, biomass is the fifth-largest source of electricity generation.

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  • Article

    BIONESS

    BIONESS (Bedford Institute of Oceanography Net and Environmental Sampling System) is a multiple-net sampler for ZOOPLANKTON and micronekton (pelagic animals 1-10 cm in length). It uses a new design concept, with nets arranged horizontally rather than vertically, as in earlier multiple-net samplers.

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  • Article

    Biosphere Reserves of Canada

    A biosphere reserve represents one of the world’s important ecosystems and is divided into three zones: a protected core zone (such as a park or wildlife area), a buffer zone around the core, and a transition zone that fosters sustainable economic and cultural activity. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves includes 797 sites around the world, 19 of which are in Canada. The network is part of the larger Man and the Biosphere Program of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Biosphere reserves are designated by UNESCO to help conserve biodiversity, demonstrate sustainable development and build the local community’s capacity to deal with human and environmental issues.

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  • Article

    Biotechnology

    Biotechnology was defined by the 1981 Federal Task Force on Biotechnology (Brossard Committee) as the "utilization of biological processes, be they microbial, plant, animal cells or their constituents, for the provision of goods and services.

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  • Article

    Birch Trees in Canada

    Birches (genus Betula) are trees in the Betulaceae family, of which about 40 species are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Nine species are found in Canada, reaching from the southern border to the northern arctic regions. Two birch trees act as provincial emblems: the yellow birch in Quebec and the white birch in Saskatchewan. Birch trees are known for their peeling bark, hard wood and short-lived lifespans. Often, a species is known by multiple names.

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  • Article

    Birch-Bark Biting

    Birch-bark biting is the art of dentally perforating designs on intricately folded sheets of paper-thin bark. Traditionally, the technique is known to have been practised by Ojibwe (or Chippewa), Cree and other Algonquian peoples who used birchbark extensively in fabricating domestic containers, architectural coverings, canoes and pictographic scrolls. Indigenous artists have kept the practice alive in spite of colonial efforts to culturally assimilate Indigenous peoples into Canadian society. (See also History of Indigenous Art in Canada and Contemporary Indigenous Art in Canada.)

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  • Article

    Birchbark Canoe

    The birchbark canoe was the principal means of water transportation for Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, and later voyageurs, who used it extensively in the fur trade in Canada. Light and maneuverable, birchbark canoes were perfectly adapted to summer travel through the network of shallow streams, ponds, lakes and swift rivers of the Canadian Shield. As the fur trade declined in the 19th century, the canoe became more of a recreational vehicle. Though most canoes are no longer constructed of birchbark, its enduring historical legacy and its popularity as a pleasure craft have made it a Canadian cultural icon.

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  • Article

    Birchbark Etching

    Birchbark etching is a traditional cultural practice used by some Indigenous peoples in Canada, including the Dene, Anishinaabe and nations in the Wabanaki Confederacy (see also Mi’kmaq; Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet); Abenaki). Some functional vessels such as baskets and bowls were adorned with cultural iconography and floral motifs, though not all. During the 19th century, narrative-driven storytelling began to appear on the surface of functional birchbark objects. Some of these objects were sold as souvenirs to European settlers or visitors. The practice was in decline for much of the 20th century. However, the sustained efforts of artists and makers led to its reestablishment around the turn of the 21st century. Since then, birchbark etching has undergone a series of profound changes. It now appears in contemporary fashion, jewellery design, cosplay, fine art and more. The practice is also prevalent among major Indigenous art markets, fairs and competitions. Today, birchbark etching has become a strong example of Indigenous cultural renewal in Canada.

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  • Article

    Birds in Canada

    Birds are feathered vertebrate animals which belong to class Aves. The fossil record, comparative anatomy and embryology indicate that birds have a common ancestry with reptiles and dinosaurs. Paleontologists generally believe that, among living reptiles, crocodilians are the closest relatives of birds. Over 700 species of birds can be found in Canada.

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  • Article

    Bird Classification and Evolution

    Birds are vertebrates, animals with a vertebral column. More precisely, birds belong to the tetrapods, the four-limbed vertebrates, which also include amphibians, mammals and reptiles.

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  • Article

    Bird Distribution and Habitat

    Animals' lives are circumscribed by two imperatives: finding food for survival, growth and reproduction and avoiding becoming prey before reproducing. For an animal to occupy a habitat, it must be able to survive and reproduce within it. Birds have evolved many ways to meet these challenges. Their feeding structures (feet, bills and gastrointestinal tracts) are adapted to take in available food. Plumage structure, colour and pattern protect them from their physical environment and camouflage them from potential predators and sometimes from potential prey. 

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  • Article

    Bird Feathers

    Feathers are only found on birds. They probably evolved as a temperature-control device from scales, much like those of modern reptiles. 

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