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  • Article

    Oberon-class Submarines

    The Oberon class was a highly successful British conventional submarine design, operated by the Royal Navy (RN) and exported widely to Commonwealth and allied navies. The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) acquired three of the type in the mid-1960s to act as antisubmarine warfare (ASW) training “targets” for surface and air forces. A major operational update in the 1980s transformed them into true hunter-killer attack submarines and laid the groundwork for a proper submarine force with their replacement by the Victoria class at the turn of the 21st century.

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  • Article

    Obscenity

    Obscenity became an offence in 1663 when Sir Charles Sidley was convicted for his behaviour after a drinking orgy. He appeared naked on a balcony and threw bottles filled with his own urine down among the people in Covent Garden.

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  • Article

    Observatory

    Of the observatories in use before the invention of the telescope, perhaps the most scientifically productive was that of Tycho Brahe, built 400 years ago on the island of Hveen in the Baltic Sea.

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  • Article

    Occupational Diseases

    Occupational diseases are disorders of health resulting from conditions related to the workplace. They are distinguished from occupational injuries, which are disorders resulting from trauma such as strains or sprains, lacerations, burns or soft-tissue injuries such as bruises.

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  • Article

    Ocean Current

    An ocean current is a large (100 km or more), mostly permanent, horizontal movement of water at all depths in the oceans. Currents are generated by winds, excessive cooling or evaporation at the ocean surface (thermohaline processes) and tidal forces. 

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  • Article

    Ocean Industry

    The search for hydrocarbon resources in offshore areas, the driving force behind the development of the ocean industry, began in earnest in the early 1960s in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

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  • Article

    Ocean Mining

    Several types of valuable mineral deposits exist under the oceans and other large bodies of water. Where water is shallow, placer deposits can be recovered by large dredges (eg, tin minerals off the coasts of Java and Borneo).

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  • Article

    Ocean Ranger

    On 15 February 1982, the world's largest semisubmersible drill rig, Ocean Ranger, capsized and sank in a fierce storm on the Grand Banks with the loss of all 84 crew members, 56 of whom were Newfoundlanders.

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  • Article

    Oceanography

    Oceanography is the branch of earth science (see Geology) that studies the oceans and seas in all their aspects: the movement and composition of their waters; their origin; the evolution of their form; the nature, distribution and interactions of their plant and animal denizens; and their interactions with the atmosphere, which affect climate and weather.

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  • Article

    October Crisis

    The October Crisis refers to a chain of events that took place in Quebec in the fall of 1970. The crisis was the culmination of a long series of terrorist attacks perpetrated by the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), a militant Quebec independence movement, between 1963 and 1970. On 5 October 1970, the FLQ kidnapped British trade commissioner James Cross in Montreal. Within the next two weeks, FLQ members also kidnapped and killed Quebec Minister of Immigration and Minister of Labour  Pierre Laporte. Quebec premier Robert Bourassa and Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau called for federal help to deal with the crisis. In response, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau deployed the Armed Forces and invoked the War Measures Act — the only time it has been applied during peacetime in Canadian history. 

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  • Article

    October Crisis (Plain-Language Summary)

    The October Crisis happened in the fall of 1970. It was sparked by the Front de liberation du Québec (FLQ). The FLQ used terrorist tactics to try and make Quebec independent from Canada. On 5 October, the FLQ kidnapped James Cross, a British trade commissioner. The FLQ also kidnapped Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act. The Act had never been used before during peacetime. It suspended civil liberties and led to hundreds of arrests. Laporte was murdered and found on 17 October. Cross was freed on 3 December. The crisis ended on 28 December, when Laporte’s killers were captured. This article is a plain-language summary of the October Crisis. If you are interested in reading about this topic more in depth, please see the full-length entry, October Crisis.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/PA-129838-curious-children.jpg October Crisis (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    Octopus

    Octopus is the common name for all 8-armed cephalopod molluscs; it more properly refers to the largest genus in order Octopoda (over 100 species).

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  • Article

    Office Automation

    Office Automation is a general term that includes a wide range of applications of computer, communication and information technologies in office environments. Though automation is in a continual state of flux, the size of the market is huge, with annual investments measured in billions of dollars.

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  • Article

    Office québécois de la langue française

    Created in 1961, the Office québécois de la langue française is a Québec public institution responsible for linguistic officialization, terminological recommendations and the francization of the language of work in both the public and the private sectors. Since 1977, it has been responsible for ensuring that the Charte de la langue française is complied with in Québec, and for monitoring the province’s language situation.

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  • Article

    Chief Electoral Officer of Canada

    The Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (CEO) is an officer of Parliament. They oversee Elections Canada, the non-partisan agency that administers Canada’s federal elections and referendums. The position was created in 1920 under the Dominion Elections Act. The goal was to put an end to political partisanship in the administration of federal elections. Before 1920, election officials were appointed by the governing regime of the day. The role is now independent of the government, or any political parties. The Chief Electoral Officer is appointed by a resolution of the House of Commons. The CEO reports directly to the House. The CEO can only be removed for cause, by the governor general following a joint meeting of the House of Commons and the Senate.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/3fcad776-7e8d-47da-86aa-c77b5a9d2744.jpg Chief Electoral Officer of Canada