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Jefferson Salamander

The Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) is a forest-dwelling salamander native to northeastern North America. Within Canada, it is only found in Southern Ontario. They are a member of the Ambystomatidae family, also known as “mole salamanders,” because they spend much of their lives underground. In Canada, the Jefferson salamander faces a severity of threats and is declining across much of its range, and it is listed as an endangered species under the Canadian Species at Risk Act.
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Article

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah’s Witnesses traces its beginnings to the Advent Movement during the 1800s. Jehovah's Witnesses, religious denomination known internationally for tireless door-to-door EVANGELISM, large conventions, and members' refusal to bear arms, salute flags or accept blood transfusions.
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Article

Jellyfish

Jellyfish is the common name for the free-swimming medusae invertebrates of the phylum Cnidaria. Jellyfish are characterized by an umbrella-shaped body containing a jellylike substance (mesoglea), between upper and lower surfaces, which acts as a buoyancy aid. Three types are recognized: true jellyfish (Scyphozoa), hydromedusae (Hydrozoa) and colonial Siphonophora and Chondrophora.
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Article

"Jesous Ahatonhia"

“Jesous Ahatonhia” (“Jesus Is Born”), also known as “'Noël Huron,” was the first Canadian Christmas carol. Though widely believed to have been written by the Jesuit missionary Jean de Brébeuf (1593–1649), who taught the song to the Wendat near Georgian Bay circa 1642, it is not known whether the verses of “Jesous Ahatonhia” were written to fit the melody (apparently derived from the 16th-century French song “Une Jeune Pucelle”) with which they have come to be associated.
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Article

The Jesuit Relations

The Jesuit Relations is a collection of the annual reports written by the Jesuit missionaries in Canada and sent to France from 1632 to 1672. These reports are an important historical resource regarding all of the events which occurred in the colony during this period. More specifically, they describe the central role played by the members of the Society of Jesus in the colonization of North America. (See Population Settlement of New France.) These reports provide an overview of the colonial vision of the times and describe the successes and failures of the missionaries in their efforts to convert the First Nations. Printed and distributed in Paris, primarily as a propaganda tool, the Jesuit Relations are very popular with travel literature enthusiasts. They remain a unique source of information regarding the early days of New France.
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Article

Jesuits

The Society of Jesus was founded in Paris in 1534 by Saint Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish soldier who underwent a profound religious experience while recovering from serious wounds. Loyola called the society "The Company of Jesus" to indicate its military spirit. The order was authorized in September 1540 to ordain its members. The name "Jesuits" (meaning those who too frequently use or appropriate the name of Jesus) was used against the order as a term of reproach but in time was accepted by its members.
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Article

Jesuits' Estates Act

During the French regime Jesuits were granted considerable property and seigneuries, which they used for educational purposes and for their missions among Indigenous people.
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Jet Stream

The jet stream is a band of wind moving high above the Earth's surface from west to east. Typically, the jet stream circles the Earth between 8–14 km above the ground. It is 2–4 km deep, 50–150 km wide and a few thousand kilometres long. Speeds occasionally reach 400 km/h but on average blow over North America at l00–200 km/h, circling the globe in about five days. Usually several jet stream systems travel around the Earth, sometimes in a discontinuous band, other times completely encircling the globe. Now and then they branch into two or three streams, only to merge as a stronger jet stream downwind.
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Article

Jeunesses Laurentiennes

Jeunesses Laurentiennes (also known as Jeunes Laurentiens; both expressions mean “Laurentian youth”) was a French-Canadian nationalist youth movement founded in 1936. With a traditional vision of society, in which the Catholic religion played a central role, Jeunesses Laurentiennes organized conferences and celebrations, published a magazine, and occasionally acted as a pressure group. Until the organization was disbanded in 1950, it served as a training ground for many young militant French-Canadian nationalists.
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Jeux de la Francophonie

The idea for the Jeux de la Francophonie (Francophone Games) was born at the 1987 Sommet de la Francophonie in Quebec City. (See Francophonie and Canada.) Delegates at the summit discussed organizing an event that would bring French-speaking countries together while providing them with an international showcase. The Games are intended as not only an instrument of sport, but also an opportunity to showcase each nation’s heritage on an international stage. In addition to sporting events, there are artistic competitions.
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Jeux du Québec

Plans for the Jeux du Québec were drawn up in the late sixties. Québec amateur sports stakeholders then proposed holding a competition that would stimulate interest in sports into the farthest reaches of the province.
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Article

Jewellery and Silverware Industry

Jewellery and Silverware IndustryJewellery and Silverware Industry includes establishments that manufacture jewellery (including costume jewellery, emblems, watch bracelets and precious metal cigar and cigarette cases) and silverware (including sterling or plated flatware and hollowware, and trophies), and those which rerefine or roll precious metals and produce precious metal alloys. The jewellery industry in Canada dates back to the 17th century and includes clockmakers and watchmakers as well as silversmiths who emigrated from the British Isles....
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Jewish Canadians

Unlike most immigrants to Canada, Jews did not come from a place where they were the majority cultural group. Jews were internationally dispersed at the time of the ancient Roman Empire and after unsuccessful revolts against it lost their sovereignty in their ancient homeland. Subsequently, Jews lived, sometimes for many centuries, as minorities in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. Jews have been in what would become Canada as early as the 18th century. Many more immigrated in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 2021 census, around 335,000 people identified themselves as Jewish in Canada. (See also Judaism.)
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Jewish Food in Canada

Jewish food in Canada was in large part shaped by the arrival of Eastern European Ashkenazi Jews in the late 1880s. Later Jewish immigration from North Africa and the Middle East also influenced the cuisine of Jewish Canadians, as they introduced new dishes and ingredients to the culinary landscape. Many foods remain distinctly Jewish, mainly being cooked and eaten by members of the Jewish community. However, some foods brought to Canada by Jews have also become popular foods enjoyed by Canadians of various backgrounds. Jewish food has become central to the culinary identity of Canada. (See Popular Jewish Dishes in Canada.)
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Jewish Literature in Canada

Jewish Writing in Canada is characterized by linguistic and thematic influences derived from successive waves of immigration, and it appears mainly in Yiddish, Hebrew, English and French. Some Jewish writers work in other languages, such as German and Hungarian, reflecting the countries of their origin. Jewish concerns have also been treated by non-Jewish authors; eg, Gwethalyn Graham's Earth and High Heaven (1944) deals with intermarriage and anti-Semitism, Philip Child's Day of Wrath(1945) is concerned with Jewish persecution in Nazi Germany, and Yves Thériault's Aaron (1954) concentrates on the rejection of orthodoxy and the question of assimilation.
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