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  • Article

    Inuit Art

    The history of Inuit cultures and the art of the various regions and times can only be understood if the myth of a homogeneous Inuit culture is discarded altogether. Though it has not been possible to determine the exact origin(s) of the Inuit, nor of the various Inuit cultures, five distinct cultures have been established in the Canadian area: Pre-Dorset , Dorset , Thule, Historic and Contemporary.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/4d37de3c-41d6-48db-bf9f-070d0882d77d.jpg Inuit Art

  • Article

    Inuit Circumpolar Council

    The Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization. It represents the 180,000 Inuit living in the circumpolar regions of Alaska (United States), Inuit Nunangat (Canada), Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) and Chukotka (Russia). The ICC is committed to advancing and advocating for Inuit rights, language, education, culture, self-determination, land management, environmental stewardship and economic and social development (see also Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Canada; Inuktitut). There are nine executive members on the council. Each circumpolar region is represented by a vice-chair and an elected member. The executive also includes an international chair. Every four years, delegates convene at a general assembly. During this assembly, they discuss and find solutions to issues affecting Inuit and the Arctic.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/InuitCircumpolarCouncil/international-maritime-organization-icc_resized.jpg Inuit Circumpolar Council

  • Article

    Inuit Co-operatives

    Beginning in the mid-1950s, Inuit were encouraged to move into the trading posts to be near schools and medical services.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/57a518c7-0e95-4505-b0ca-fd75cda6b879.jpg Inuit Co-operatives

  • Article

    Inuit Experiences at Residential School

    Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools created to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Schools in the North were run by missionaries for nearly a century before the federal government began to open new, so-called modern institutions in the 1950s. This was less than a decade after a Special Joint Committee (see Indigenous Suffrage) found that the system was ineffectual. The committee’s recommendations led to the eventual closure of residential schools across the country. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/InuitResidentialSchool/Inuit-Residenital-School (Library and Archives Canada_PA-042133).jpg Inuit Experiences at Residential School

  • Article

    Inuit High Arctic Relocations in Canada

    In 1953 and 1955, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, acting as representatives of the Department of Resources and Development, moved approximately 92 Inuit from Inukjuak, formerly called Port Harrison, in Northern Quebec, and Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), in what is now Nunavut, to settle two locations on the High Arctic islands. It has been argued that the Government of Canada ordered the relocations to establish Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic, and proposed to Inuit the move, promising improved living conditions. The Inuit were assured plentiful wildlife, but soon discovered that they had been misled, and endured hardships. The effects have lingered for generations. The Inuit High Arctic relocations are often referred to as a “dark chapter” in Canadian history, and an example of how the federal government forced changes that fundamentally affected (and continue to affect) Inuit lives.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/72b158ab-21db-4572-9fec-db8a9548c9cf.jpg Inuit High Arctic Relocations in Canada

  • Article

    Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK)

    Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (formerly known as the Eskimo Brotherhood of Canada) is a national advocacy organization that promotes awareness about political, social, cultural and environmental issues that impact Inuit communities, from the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in the Northwest Territories, to Nunavut, Nunavik in Northern Québec, Nunatsiavut in Northern Labrador and land claims regions.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/d3f189ee-7d9b-4e59-8dd8-5840852adf92.jpg Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK)

  • Article

    Inuksuk (Inukshuk)

    Inuksuk (also spelled inukshuk, plural inuksuit) is a figure made of piled stones or boulders constructed to communicate with humans throughout the Arctic. Traditionally constructed by the Inuit, inuksuit are integral to Inuit culture and are often intertwined with representations of Canada and the North. A red inuksuk is found on the flag of Nunavut. In Inuktitut, the term inuksuk means "to act in the capacity of a human." It is an extension of the word inuk meaning "a human being." Inuksuit have been found close to archaeological sites dating from 2400 to 1800 BCE in the Mingo Lake region of southwest Baffin Island. (See also Prehistory.) While stone figures resembling human forms are often referred to as inuksuk, such figures are actually known as inunnguaq.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/fda0c3a3-c613-4196-ba0a-690925ca6c04.jpg Inuksuk (Inukshuk)

  • Article

    Inuktitut

    Inuktitut is an Indigenous language in North America, spoken in the Canadian Arctic. The 2021 census reported 40,320 people have knowledge of Inuktitut. Inuktitut is part of a larger Inuit language family, stretching from Alaska to Greenland. Inuktitut uses a writing system called syllabics, created originally for the Cree language, which represent combinations of consonants and vowels. The language is also written in the Roman alphabet, and this is the exclusive writing system used in Labrador and parts of Western Nunavut. Inuktitut is a polysynthetic language, meaning that words tend to be longer and structurally more complex than their English or French counterparts. (See also Indigenous Languages in Canada.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/26c8ac6d-be78-4acc-9097-9854b0762516.jpg Inuktitut

  • Article

    The Invasion of Canada during the American Revolution

    The invasion of Canada in 1775–76 was the first offensive campaign of the American Revolution. Although American rebels captured Montreal in November 1775, an attack on Quebec City in December failed. The Americans maintained a siege over the winter but were routed in the spring with the arrival of British reinforcements. Montreal was abandoned in May 1776 and, after a defeat at Trois-Rivières in June, the invaders retreated to New York. The rebel failure was the result of logistical problems, harsh conditions and illness, particularly smallpox. Although some habitants supported the invaders, most remained neutral. Both British and American forces were aided by Indigenous allies.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/American-Revolution/Death-of-Montgomery-1.jpeg The Invasion of Canada during the American Revolution

  • Article

    Invasive Species in Canada: Animals

    Invasive species are any species that have, primarily with human help, become established in a new ecosystem. While it’s impossible to say exactly how many invasive species live in Canada, in 2002, researchers estimated that at least 1,442 invasive species — including fish, plants, insects and invertebrates — now live in the country’s farmlands, forests and waterways. The complex environmental impacts of so many invasive species are unknown and, maybe, unknowable. Typically, non-native species are feared for their ability to reproduce much faster than native species and outcompete native species for food, habitat and other resources. Economically, invasive species are estimated to cost Canadians billions of dollars each year in lost revenue from natural resources and impacts on ecosystem services.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/InvasiveSpeciesAnimals/4076024710_e3109cc816_b.jpg Invasive Species in Canada: Animals

  • Article

    Invasive Species in Canada: Plants

    Invasive species are any species that have, primarily with human help, become established in a new ecosystem. While it’s impossible to say exactly how many invasive species live in Canada, in 2002, researchers estimated that at least 1,442 invasive species — including fish, plants, insects and invertebrates — now live in the country’s farmlands, forests and waterways. The complex environmental impacts of so many invasive species are unknown and, maybe, unknowable. Typically, non-native species are feared for their ability to reproduce much faster than native species and outcompete natives for food, habitat and other resources. Economically, invasives are estimated to cost Canadians billions of dollars each year in lost revenue from natural resources and impacts on ecosystem services.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/InvasivePlantSpecies/8462455173_003015d04d_z.jpg Invasive Species in Canada: Plants

  • Collection

    Invention and Innovation in Canada

    This collection gathers together articles relating to invention and innovation in Canada. (photograph by Beth A. Robertson, courtesy Canadian Science and Technology Museum)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/RolandGalarneau/Convero-Braille.jpg Invention and Innovation in Canada

  • Editorial

    Invention of Standard Time

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Invention of Standard Time

  • Article

    Inventions and Devices

    Instruments, Invented And ImprovedAmong 19th-century Canadian inventors were James P.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Inventions and Devices

  • Article

    Inventors, Inventions and Innovations

    Whether they remained in Canada or pursued careers abroad, Canadians have invented or innovated devices, products or processes in various fields, such as medicine, technology and agriculture. In some cases, the government and agencies, like the National Research Council Canada (NRC), have funded research and development. Economic investment and the promotion of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) skills have been identified as key factors for building Canada’s innovation future.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/inventorsandinnovations/Klien.jpg Inventors, Inventions and Innovations