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Article

Galaxy

Galaxies are clusters of stars, dust, dark matter, gas and assorted matter which are bound together by gravity. The word galaxy originated from the Greek word galaxias, meaning “milky.” This is in reference to the Milky Way, the galaxy within which the Earth and its solar system is located.
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Article

Gallicanism

Gallicanism is a doctrine which originated in France in the Middle Ages and sought to regulate the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state. It underlined the independence of the French Church in terms of papal authority, but also its subordination to the royal power. It thus confirmed the supremacy of the state in public life, unlike Ultramontanism, which supported the submission of the Churches and kingdoms to the papacy.
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Article

Gallinule

Gallinule is a common name for some marsh-dwelling birds of the rail family (Rallidae), now also known as moorhens.
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Article

Gambling in Canada

To gamble is to bet something of value on a particular outcome, the result of which is uncertain. It may be determined by chance, skill, a combination of chance and skill, or a contest. Following the model of English common law, Canada’s Criminal Code has long tolerated gambling under certain conditions. Changes to the law in 1969 allowed for specific forms of gambling such as lotteries. This marked a shift in the government’s approach to gambling from prohibition to regulation. Further amendments to the Criminal Code in 2021 allow the provinces and territories to manage single-event sports betting. The change has led to a major expansion of legal sports betting in Canada.
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Article

Game Bird

Game bird is not a scientific term, but refers to any bird that is hunted. There are 2 categories in Canada, migratory and nonmigratory.
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Article

Games

Games are distinguishable from other forms of play in that they are contests in which all players start out with equal chances of winning; they end when a winner or loser is determined; and although the play may appear spontaneous or unsupervised, it is in fact guided by rigid rules and procedures.
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Article

Northern Gannet

The gannet, or northern gannet (Sula bassanus), is a large, long-winged seabird, white except for conspicuous black wing tips and a yellowish-tinged head. It weighs about 3,100 g and is up to 100 cm long. Nine species of gannets and boobies comprise the predominantly tropical family Sulidae. All have a stout appearance, thick, sharply pointed bills, fairly short necks and legs, and wedge-shaped tails. They feed on fish caught by plunge-diving, often from heights of 20–30 m. Summer diet mainly consists of mackerel, herring and capelin; winter foods are poorly known.
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Article

Gar in Canada

Gar are large, slender, thick-scaled, predatory fish of the family Lepisosteidae, order Semionotiformes, class Actinopterygii. Gars are found in the fresh waters of eastern North America, Central America and Cuba, occasionally in brackish water and, rarely, in the sea. The seven living species are divided into two genera (Lepisosteus and Atractosteus) by some ichthyologists; others consider them all as Lepisosteus. In Canada, two species, the rare spotted gar (L. oculatus) and the more familiar longnose gar (L. osseus), reach their northern limit in the Great Lakes drainage basin.
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Article

Garden Island Rafting and Shipbuilding Enterprises

Dileno Dexter Calvin (1798-1884), a timber merchant from Clayton, New York, relocated his business on Garden Island (26.3 ha at the east end of Lake Ontario) in 1836. By 1880 he owned the island; today it remains the exclusive property of his descendants.
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Article

Gardiner Dam

Gardiner Dam, located 100 km south of Saskatoon, is a 5 km long earth-fill structure towering 64 m above the South Saskatchewan riverbed.
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Editorial

Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art

The Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art is located in downtown Toronto. It was designed by Bruce Kuwabara and his team at KPMB Architects. Approaching the museum, one encounters an elevated cube cantilevered towards Queen’s Park. Its fritted-glass windows are set back from the building’s elegant limestone facade. The building is a dramatic extension of the modest original. The original building was a stately, two-storey neoclassical modernist structure designed by Keith Wagland. (He was one of Kuwabara’s professors at the University of Toronto.) It was completed in 1984.
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Macleans

Garlic's Curative Powers

Ted Maczka is Garlic Man. "I preach the gospel of garlic," proclaims the retired tool-and-die maker. "It's my baby.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on May 20, 1996
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Article

Garrison Mentality

Garrison mentality is a concept in Canadian literary theory and criticism. It was first put forth by critic and scholar Northrop Frye in the mid-1960s. It argues that early Canadian identity was shaped by the fear of a hostile landscape. Communities had to defend themselves from overwhelming forces. Frye believed that the threat of Canada’s wilderness — a “huge, unthinking, menacing, and formidable physical setting” — led to a desire among Canadians to retreat into safety. This in turn shaped their values as a group. Frye argued that the environment’s impact on Canada’s national psyche was revealed through recurring themes in Canadian art and culture. As a literary theory, the garrison mentality has inspired both supporters and detractors. Frye argued that it could be a limiting factor in the development of the arts in Canada. Others have argued that the mentality has merit, and that it resists the hyper-individualism of modern life.
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Article

Garrison Towns

In 1662 Placentia had a garrison of 25 French soldiers. Its growing importance as the centre of the French fishing fleet meant an increase of its garrison to about 150 by 1704. It was fear of this garrison town that provoked the first British garrison at St John's in 1696.
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Article

Common Gartersnake

The common gartersnake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is a relatively small, striped, non-venomous snake. It is one of the most widespread snake species in North America, and its range extends farther north than that of any other North American snake. In Canada, it is found in every province, as far north as James Bay and into the southernmost Northwest Territories. The common gartersnake is broken into five subspecies across Canada: the Maritime gartersnake (Thamnophis s. pallidulus; PEI, NS, NB, QC), the Eastern gartersnake (Thamnophis s. sirtalis; QC, ON), the red-sided gartersnake (Thamnophis s. parietalis; ON, MB, SK, AB, BC, NWT), the valley gartersnake (Thamnophis s. fitchi; BC), and the Puget Sound gartersnake (Thamnophis s. pickeringii; BC).
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