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Article

Fort la Reine

Fort la Reine is the name used for a series of early French fur-trade posts located west of Winnipeg on the Assiniboine River. The original fort was established in 1738 by Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye and his sons, independent fur traders and explorers.
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Article

Fort Mackinac

Fort Mackinac, located on Mackinac Island, is the third fort to guard the Straits of Mackinac. It was a strategic centre in the Upper Great Lakes from 1780 to 1895. The British constructed the fort from 1780 to 1781 during the American Revolution. Fort Mackinac’s position on the island’s bluffs was designed to offer a strong defensive position as well as defend the village of Mackinac and anchorage of Haldimand Bay. It was transferred to American control in 1796, captured by the British during the War of 1812, and returned to the US in 1814. It remained a military post until 1895.
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Article

Fort Michilimackinac

Fort Michilimackinac is located on the south side of the Straits of Mackinac. It sits on a sand beach in the northernmost extension of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Michilimackinac was the second fort to guard the Straits of Mackinac. The fort was a key trade, military, and diplomatic post for the French (1715–61) and the British (1761–81). The fort’s buildings were moved by the British in 1780-1 to a more defensible location on Mackinac Island. Fort Michilimackinac was reconstructed in the 20th century and serves as a living history museum in Michigan.
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Article

Fort Niagara

Fort Niagara is situated on the east side of the Niagara River at Lake Ontario north of Youngstown, New York. It was built by the French in 1726–27 and surrendered to the British in 1759 during the Seven Years’ War. Fort Niagara was a major British supply depot during the American Revolution but was later transferred to the United States. It was an important American staging area during the War of 1812 but was captured by the British in 1813. Today it is a New York State historic site.
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Article

Fort Reliance

Fort Reliance, YT, is an abandoned post, established in 1874, located on the east bank of the YUKON RIVER, 13 km downstream from DAWSON. It remained the centre of the FUR TRADE and mining on the upper Yukon River for more than a decade.
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Article

Fort Saint-Pierre

Fort Saint-Pierre is a French trading post spanning the years c. 1632 to 1669. It is situated on the southeastern shore of Cape Breton Island, in the village of St. Peters, on the Atlantic coast of a narrow isthmus separating the inland waterway of Lake Bras D'or from the open ocean.
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Article

Fort Selkirk

The trading post was short-lived; it shut down in the summer of its establishment after it was attacked and plundered by the Chilkat. In 1898-99 the site was the base of the YUKON FIELD FORCE. A private trading post was established by Arthur Harper around 1890.
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Article

Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga)

Fort Carillon was built in 1755 on the orders of the governor of New France, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil. Situated at the junction of Lake George and Lake Champlain, the fort was intended to reinforce France's military presence in an area contested by the British colonies. In 1759, Fort Carillon was abandoned by the French and renamed Fort Ticonderoga by the British. (See Seven Years’ War.) Fort Ticonderoga later played a decisive role in the American Revolution. Since 1909, this historic site has been open to the public.
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Article

Fort Vancouver

Fort Vancouver, a Hudson’s Bay Company fur trade post, was originally constructed in 1825 by doctor and merchant John McLoughlin. The Oregon Treaty of 1846, which placed the fort in American territory, forced the company to transfer its depot to Fort Victoria in 1849.
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Article

Fort William

Fort William, named after North West Company (NWC) chief superintendent William McGillivray, was originally a depot built in 1803 by the NWC to facilitate fur trade dealings. The company’s reliance on Fort William after merging with the Hudson’s Bay Company eventually decreased, and the fort became a post and fishing spot until its closure in 1883. By 1902, the Fort William’s last remaining buildings were completely demolished in the expansion of the Canadian Pacific Railway’s facilities. In 1971, the government of Ontario recreated Fort William at Pointe de Meuron in Thunder Bay under the name Fort William Historical Park.
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Article

Fortification

Although the barrier posed by these walls was sometimes increased by setting a ditch below their outer faces, fortification did not progress beyond this rather simple conception until the 16th century.
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Article

Forty-ninth Parallel

The forty-ninth parallel is the line of latitude that forms the boundary between Canada and the United States from Lake of the Woods to the Strait of Georgia.
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Editorial

History of the Canada-US Border in the West

The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. In December 2001, U.S. Attorney-General John Ashcroft announced plans to deploy military personnel to patrol the Canada-U.S. border. After September 11, Ashcroft criticized Canada's porous border, though there was no evidence that any of the terrorists, all holding legal U.S. visas, came through Canada. It was not the first time that the longest undefended, and perhaps indefensible, border in the world was contentious.
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Article

Forum

Forum. Montreal arena, home of the famous hockey team the Canadiens, and the site of many sporting, musical, and stage events. Situated at the corner of Atwater and Ste-Catherine streets, it is the property of the Canadian Arena Co.
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Article

Fossil

Fossils [Lat fossilis, "dug up"] are traces of ancient animals or plants preserved in the Earth's crust. Paleontology is the modern, scientific study of fossils, but these curious objects have attracted attention since ancient times.
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