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Article

Fir Trees in Canada

Fir trees (Abies) are conifers within the Pinaceae family. While about 50 species of fir are found worldwide, only four are found in Canada. Two fir trees act as provincial or territorial emblems: the balsam fir in New Brunswick and the subalpine fir in Yukon. Firs can often be identified by their straight trunks, soft and flat needle-like leaves, and their cones, which stand vertically on the branches. Contrary to popular belief, Douglas firs are not considered true firs and fall under their own genus Pseudotsuga.
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Article

Fire Disasters in Canada

Disastrous fires may result from arson, accidents or uncontrolled forest fires. Their impact may include lives lost, people evacuated and property damaged. Numerous fires, especially forest fires, occur in Canada every year; this article details the worst that have occurred throughout the country’s history.
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Editorial

The Parliament Hill Fire of 1916

The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.
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Article

Firearms

For many centuries, a legend has persisted that gunpowder was invented in China. Until recently, however, there was no real proof to support the story. In 1986, a team of researchers headed by Dr. Joseph Neeham at Cambridge University published the necessary evidence.
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Article

Firefly

Fireflies, also known as lightning bugs, are beetles belonging to the family Lampyridae and are best known for their ability to produce light. There are over 2,200 species of fireflies worldwide, including 32 species found in Canada, with more being discovered every year. Of these species, some of the most commonly encountered in Canada are the winter firefly (Ellychnia corrusca), the black firefly (Lucidota atra) and the common firefly (Photinus pyralis).
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Article

Fireweed

Fireweed, the common name for Epilobium angustifolium, is a member of a genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants of the evening primrose family (Onagraceae ). Fireweed is the official flower of the Yukon.
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Article

First Canadian Army

First Canadian Army was a field army formed in 1942 during the Second World War. It became an international force in 1943, when Allied units were added to keep the army up to strength. The First Canadian Army was commanded by A.G.L. McNaughton and H.D.G. “Harry” Crerar.
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Article

First Ministers Conferences

First Ministers Conferences, gatherings of Canada's provincial premiers with the federal prime minister, is a term that has overtaken the older "dominion-provincial" and "federal-provincial" usages.
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Macleans

First Ministers Win Concessions

The First Ministers had barely tucked into their beef consommé when Alberta Premier Ralph Klein began to denounce the federal governments betrayal.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on December 22, 1997
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Article

First Nations in Canada

First Nation is one of three groupings of Indigenous people in Canada, the other two being Métis and Inuit. Unlike Métis and Inuit, most First Nations hold reserve lands. Members of a First Nation may live both on and off these reserves. While the term First Nation can describe a large ethnic grouping (e.g. the Cree Nation), in other cases it is synonymous with the term band. The term band was originally chosen by the federal government and used in the Indian Act. The word band describes smaller communities. Many First Nations prefer the term First Nation over band.
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Article

First Nations Bank of Canada

First Nations Bank of Canada (FNBC) is a Canadian chartered bank. Established in 1996 as a partnership between Saskatchewan Indian Equity Foundation (SIEF)—now Saskatchewan Indigenous Enterprise Foundation—and TD Bank, it is currently majority controlled by Indigenous shareholders. According to its mission statement, FNBC “exists to advance Indigenous prosperity and self-determination by delivering trusted, purpose-driven financial services, rooted in relationship, guided by culture and committed to long-term economic reconciliation.” (See also Reconciliation in Canada; Economic Conditions of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)
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Article

First Nations University of Canada

First established in 1976 as the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College, the First Nations University of Canada (FNUniv) is the only university-college in Canada controlled by First Nations.
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Article

First or Principal Meridian

Meridian, First or PrincipalThe First or Principal Meridian is the line of longitude forming the main backbone of the Dominion Lands Survey System - a plan devised in 1869 for the subdivision of the territory about to be purchased by the federal government from the Hudson's Bay Company into a rectangular system of square townships numbered northerly from the FORTY-NINTH PARALLEL and east and west of a given meridian. The Principal Meridian, sometimes referred to...
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Article

Music of Indigenous Peoples in Canada

Indigenous people (First Nations, Inuit, Métis) who reside in what is now Canada have diverse cultural traditions that are reflected in the variety of their musical genres and styles. Music is generally seen as an integral part of the daily life and spiritual beliefs of Indigenous people in Canada. The diversity of Indigenous life and music has been recognized by scholars who attempted to classify people according to "culture areas,"which were also applied to music made by people in each area. Indigenous people have their own distinct musical traditions, repertoire, and meanings. As well, genres of music have emerged that traverse boundaries and are performed by Indigenous musicians across North America. Some generalizations are that traditional Indigenous music is predominantly vocal, with drums, rattles and flutes serving as common instruments. As well, Indigenous musicians have been influenced by non-Indigenous music-making, often adopting other musical styles (such as country music and pop) and instruments (guitars, fiddles).
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Article

First Special Service Force

The First Special Service Force was a unique American-Canadian commando-type unit formed during the Second World War. Although it only existed from July 1942 to December 1944, it participated in operations in the Aleutian Islands, Italy and France and earned a fearsome reputation among German troops. Many of today’s American and Canadian special forces units base their heritage on the First Special Service Force.
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