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  • Article

    Fenians

    Fenians were members of a mid-19th century movement to secure Ireland’s independence from Britain. They were a secret, outlawed organization in the British Empire, where they were known as the Irish Republican Brotherhood. They operated freely and openly in the United States as the Fenian Brotherhood. Eventually, both wings became known as the Fenians. They launched a series of armed raids into Canadian territory between 1866 and 1871. The movement was primarily based in the United States, but it had a significant presence in Canada.

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  • Article

    Fern

    Fern, common name for a diverse group (division Polypodiophyta) of usually perennial, spore-producing plants with divided, evergreen or deciduous leaves (fronds) arising from slender, horizontal rhizomes (underground stems) or stout, ascending rootstalks.

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  • Article

    Ferries

    Although the Scandinavians claim to have pioneered the RO-RO concept, the first purpose-built RO-RO ferry was the Motor Princess, launched at Esquimalt, BC, in 1923 for Canadian Pacific. It ended its long career with British Columbia Ferry Corporation in the 1970s as the Pender Queen.

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  • Article

    Ferry Command

    Ferry Command was Lord Beaverbrook's attempt at delivering aircrafts to Britain and other European theatres of war during the Second World War. More than 9,000 aircrafts manufactured in Canada and the United States safely arrived in Europe and provided support during the war.

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  • Article

    Fertilizer

    Fertilizers are natural or synthetic materials that are used to supply essential nutrients for PLANT growth. Plants require 16 nutrients for growth. Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) are taken up from the atmosphere and as water.

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  • Article

    Festival d'été international de Québec

    An annual event established in 1968 under the name Festival d'été de Québec by a group of business people and artists from Québec City for the purpose of promoting the region's artistic, economic and tourist potential.

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  • Article

    Festival d'été international de Québec

    Festival d'été international de Québec (Festival d'été de Québec 1968-86). Summer festival founded 1968 by a group of young artists and businessmen from Quebec City with the purpose of furthering cultural, touristic and economic development in their region.

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  • Article

    Festival international de jazz de Montréal (FIJM)

    The Festival international de jazz de Montréal (FIJM, translated in English as Montreal International Jazz Festival and often referred to simply as the Jazz Fest) is an annual music festival in downtown Montreal. First held in 1980, the festival initially took place in several locations across downtown Montreal before settling around the Place des Arts. The Jazz Fest was founded by Alain Simard in association with André Ménard, Denyse McCann and Alain de Grosbois. It has been recognized by Guinness World Records as the world’s largest jazz festival. It is also considered Canada’s largest music festival. It generally lasts 10 days and takes place from the end of June to the beginning of July.

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  • Article

    Festival international de musique actuelle de Victoriaville

    Festival international de musique actuelle de Victoriaville. Established in 1983 in Victoriaville, 170 km east of Montreal, by Production Platforme, Inc, under the artistic direction of Michel Levasseur. In the festival's first year 10 concerts were presented between 1 and 4 December.

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  • Article

    Festival Singers of Canada

    The Festival Singers was the first professional choir in Canada. Founded in 1954 by Elmer Iseler and known until 1968 as the Festival Singers of Toronto, the chorus reached professional status that year when it became the core of the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir. 

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  • Article

    Music Festivals

    Music festivals generally consist of two types: competition and non-competition festivals; and opera or concert festivals.

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  • Macleans

    Fetal Rights Issue Raised

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on August 19, 1996. Partner content is not updated. When Venus Carter realized she was pregnant with her fourth child, she knew it was time to confront her 15-year addiction to crack cocaine. Her three other children, although physically unharmed by her habit, had already been removed from her Toronto home by children's aid officials.

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  • Article

    Fiddleheads

    The term fiddlehead is used to refer to plants in 3 ways: (1) the young curled leaf of any fern; (2) the ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris of the Aspidaceae family); and (3) the young curled leaf of the ostrich fern used as a vegetable (often called fiddlehead greens). 

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  • Article

    Field Corn

    Field corn (Zea mays) is a spring-sown annual belonging to the grass family (Gramineae). Native to North America, Indian corn, or maize, has diverged so radically from its ancestral species that these forerunners cannot be identified with certainty. 

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  • Article

    Field Hockey

    In Canada, field hockey is generally restricted to spring, summer and early autumn seasons, except in southwestern BC, where it can be played year-round. It is principally a girls' sport in schools, but is played by both men and women in adult leagues across the country.

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