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Article

Enfranchisement

Enfranchisement was the most common of the legal processes by which Indigenous peoples lost their Indian Status under the Indian Act. This is the full-length entry about Enfranchisement. For a plain language summary, please see Enfranchisement (Plain Language Summary).
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Article

Enfranchisement (Plain-Language Summary)

Throughout much of Canadian history, a First Nations person would lose their Indian status if they were enfranchised. An enfranchised person is someone who has the right to vote in elections. A First Nations person who is deemed a Status Indian has certain rights and benefits granted to them through the Indian Act. (This article is a plain-language summary of Enfranchisement. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry Enfranchisement).
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Article

Engineering

To some extent, the history of engineering is the history of humanity's progress in using tools and observations on the nature of matter to overcome physical limitations and to modify, harness and control the natural environment.
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Article

English Canadians

The English were among the first Europeans to reach Canadian shores. Alongside the French, they were one of two groups who negotiated Confederation. The expression “English Canadians” refers to both immigrants from England and the Loyalists in exile after the American Revolution and their descendants. According to the 2021 census of Canada, about 14.7 per cent of Canadians (5,322,830 respondents) consider themselves to be of English origin.
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Article

English Canada Rural Society

In Canada, rural society has been shaped by geographic and cultural diversity and by population mobility.
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Article

English-Speaking Quebecers

English-speakers in Québec form a linguistic minority from a wide range of ethnic, religious, and socio-economic backgrounds and with many regional differences. The presence of this minority dates back to the French Regime, but coherent communities developed only after the British Conquest. The proportion of English-speakers increased in the years leading up to Confederation , followed by a gradual decline, particularly in the regions outside Montréal.
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Article

Entomology

Entomology is the branch of zoology dealing with the study of insects, although which organisms are included is open to interpretation. Probably, those animals covered by the Gk word entomon ("cut up, segmented") are appropriately considered insects, e.g., the arthropods, but crustaceans (except for a few terrestrial species) and a few small, marine arthropod groups, such as sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, are generally excluded. Entomologists study the following groups: Insecta; Myriapoda (e.g., millipedes, centipedes); and Arachnida (e.g., scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks). Hence, entomology embraces the study of the majority of known species of organisms.
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Article

Piché: The Landing of a Man

Piché: The Landing of a Man (Piché, entre ciel et terre), a biographical film about the life of Captain Robert Piché, opened in theatres in July 2010. Captain Robert Piché, an Air Transat airline pilot, was considered a hero on the night of 23 August 2001 when he was at the controls of Flight 236 connecting Toronto and Lisbon. Michel Côté gives a strong performance as Robert Piché, and his son Maxime LeFlaguais plays the role of the young and troubled Piché with panache. Very colourful and realistic, the film recounts the dark side of Piché's life — his years of imprisonment, decline, family life and experiences as a captain — until his celebrated feat.
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Article

Environment

The environment is the physical, social and psychological milieu in which humans exist. Throughout Earth’s four-billion-year history, profound changes have occurred in its geological and ecological systems. As long as human populations remained small and communities were part of local ecosystems, most changes occurred slowly and seemingly without major disturbances to the global system.
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Collection

Environment

Environment can be broadly defined as the natural world or the conditions in which a species lives. This collection gathers all of The Canadian Encyclopedia's articles pertaining to the environment, from pollution to various fields of scientific study.
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Timelines

Environmental Movement

The environmental movement seeks to protect the natural world and promote sustainable living. It had its beginnings in the conservation efforts of the early 1900s, when conservationists aimed to slow the rapid depletion of Canadian resources in favour of more regulated management.
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Article

Environmental Agencies

Environmental problems may require action by the environmental agencies of governments at 5 levels: international, national, provincial, municipal and Aboriginal.
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Article

Environmental Movement in Canada

The environmental movement seeks to protect the natural world and promote sustainable living. It had its beginnings in the conservation efforts of the early 1900s. During this time, conservationists aimed to slow the rapid depletion of Canadian resources in favour of more regulated management. Many scholars divide the evolution of the environmental movement into “waves.” These waves are periods in time easily characterized by certain themes. While the number of waves and their characterization may differ from scholar to scholar, they’re often defined as follows: The first wave focused on conservation; the second, pollution; the third, the professionalization of environmental groups; and the fourth, climate change.
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Article

Environmental Governance

Environmental governance is a term used to describe how decisions about the ENVIRONMENT are made and who makes such decisions. It is a broad term that includes the formal and informal institutional arrangements for resource and environment decision-making and management.
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Article

Environmental Impact Assessment

An environmental impact assessment is a systematic analysis of the potential impacts of proposed development projects on the natural and human environment (see Social Impact Assessment), for identifying measures to prevent or minimize impacts prior to major decisions being taken and project commitments made.
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