Browse "Nature & Geography"

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Article

Blue Mountains

The Blue Mountains (Montagnes Bleues) is a 240 km long group of high hills along the Canada and United States border in the Eastern Townships.
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Article

Blue Whale

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest animal known to have ever lived on Earth. It is a difficult whale to study because of its low numbers and its preference for deep, offshore waters. Within Balaenoptera musculus, authorities recognize between three and five subspecies. Blue whales live in oceans throughout the world, including off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada. Although blue whale sightings are rare, experts believe that about 250 mature individuals live off each coast.
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Article

Bluebell

Bluebell, common name for several plants with bell-shaped flowers of Campanulaceae and Boraginaceae families.
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Article

Blueberry

Blueberries are a group of shrubs in the genus Vaccinium that bear edible blue, black or purple berries. The berries can be consumed fresh, frozen or dried. Their taste and health benefits contribute to their importance as an agricultural crop. Different blueberry species and cultivars are grown across Canada. Vaccinium is a cosmopolitan genus (i.e., with species found across the world) and is only absent from Australia and Antarctica. There are approximately 480 species, but only a limited number are thought of as blueberries. They are closely related to a few other edible Vaccinium species, including cranberries, lingonberries, huckleberries and grouseberries. Black- and blue-fruited huckleberries and bilberries are also often considered blueberries and are included here. Like other plants in the heath family (Ericaceae), blueberries naturally grow in acidic, often boggy soils, where other kinds of plants often struggle to extract sufficient nutrition. Across North America, Europe and Asia, there are at least 30 Vaccinium species that could be classified as blueberries. In Canada, that number is around a dozen. Most North American blueberries are deciduous shrubs, though there are a few evergreens. The deciduous leaves of blueberries are renowned for their brilliant orange to scarlet autumn colour.
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Article

Bluebirds in Canada

Bluebird is a common name for three species of thrushes occurring in North and Central America. Bluebird males have bright blue heads, backs, wings and tails. Females, although similar in size, are much greyer overall, but have blue wings and tails.
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Article

Bonnet Plume River

The Bonnet Plume River begins its journey in the Mackenzie Mountains on the Yukon and NWT border.
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Borden Island

Borden Island, 2794 km2, is one of the Queen Elizabeth group of islands in the High Arctic. Most of the island is part of the Northwest Territories; the easternmost part of the island is part of Nunavut.
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Article

Boreal Zone

The boreal zone is Canada’s largest vegetation zone, making up 55 per cent of the country’s land mass. It extends from Yukon and northern British Columbia in the west to Newfoundland and Labrador in the east. While much of the region is covered by forest, it also includes lakes, rivers, wetlands and naturally treeless areas. The boreal zone is home to diverse wildlife, and is crucial to maintaining biological diversity, storing carbon, purifying air and water, and regulating the climate. With more than 2.5 million Canadians living in the boreal zone, the forest also provides these rural communities with jobs and economic stability.
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Collection

Botany

Botany is the study of plants and plant life. The Canadian Encyclopedia includes a variety of articles about various plant species found in Canada, gathered by topic in this collection.
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Article

Boundaries

The political boundaries that are of concern to Canada today are the international boundaries primarily with the US and Greenland and, because they are of more than local importance, the boundaries of the provinces and territories. The evolution of both types involved 2 distinct stages. After political decisions were made on the allocation of territory, such territories were delimited and the boundaries described in state documents. Then, usually some time later, the boundaries were surveyed and marked on the ground (the process of demarcation).
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Article

Bowhead Whale

The bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) is a large baleen whale living in Arctic waters. Two populations are found in Canada: the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Sea population and the Eastern Canada-West Greenland population. During the summer, the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Sea population is found in the waters of the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, while the Eastern Canada-West Greenland population is found in Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, Lancaster Sound, Hudson Strait, Foxe Basin, northwest Hudson Bay and the channels and fjords of the Arctic Archipelago. Commercial whaling began in the 1500s and ended around 1915. Both populations of bowhead whale were severely reduced by this industry. While their numbers have increased, other challenges, such as climate change and oil and gas development, pose threats to bowhead whales.
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Article

Brachiopoda

Brachiopoda, phylum of bivalved marine invertebrates, sometimes called lamp shells.
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Article

Bras d'Or Lake

Bras d'Or Lake, 1099 km2, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean occupying the centre of Cape Breton Island that nearly divides the island in two. On the north it is linked to the ocean by a narrow channel down the west side of Boularderie Island.
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Article

Broccoli

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea, Botrytis Group) is an annual or biennial vegetable belonging to the Cruciferae family.
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Article

Brunette Island

Brunette Island, 20 km2, is situated at the mouth of Fortune B on Newfoundland's S coast, 18 km S of Connaigre Head. The island, roughly triangular, measures 11 km E-W and 6 km N-S. A steep ridge backs the NW shore, at one point rising to 160 m.
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