Browse "Nature & Geography"

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Article

Soapstone

Soapstone's use dates back to antiquity: early Egyptians carved it into scarabs and seals; in China and India it was used for ornaments, implements and domestic utensils. It was similarly used at various times over the past 7,500 years by First Nations, Inuit and Norse in Canada (see Inuit Art).
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Article

Soil

Soil is the thin, fragile surface layer of Earth. It is a dynamic, loose and porous body of variable thickness (between a few centimetres and a few metres). Soil is formed by continuous transformations of rock or deposit through physical, chemical and biological processes. It is one of the two main components of Earth — the other being oceans — in which life is particularly active. Soil is the source and site of many human activities, and human life greatly depends on it. In Canada, agricultural, environmental and natural-resource scientists are at the forefront of research on soil.
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Article

Soil Classification

Classification involves arranging individual units with similar characteristics into groups. Soils do not occur as discrete entities; thus the unit of measurement for soil is not obvious.
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Article

Soil Conservation

Soil conservation is a combination of all methods of management and land use that safeguard the soil against depletion or deterioration by natural or human-induced factors.
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Article

Soil Science

Soil science is the science that deals with soils as a natural resource. Studies focus on soil formation, classification and mapping, and the physical, chemical and biological properties and fertility of soils as such and in relation to their management for crop production.
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Article

Solar Energy

The energy contained in sunlight is the source of life on Earth. Humans can harness it to generate power for our activities without producing harmful pollutants. There are many methods of converting solar energy into more readily usable forms of energy such as heat or electricity. The technologies we use to convert solar energy have a relatively small impact on the environment. However, they each have disadvantages that have kept them from being widely adopted. In Canada, the use of solar energy to generate electricity and heat is growing quickly and is helping reduce pollution related to energy production. Despite Canada’s cold climate and high latitudes (which get less direct sunlight than mid-latitudes), solar power technologies are used in many places, from household rooftops to large power plants. The Canada Energy Regulator (formerly the National Energy Board) expects solar power to make up 3 per cent of Canada’s total electricity generation capacity by 2040.
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Article

Solomon's Seal

Solomon's seal (genus Polygonatum) is a herbaceous plant of lily family (Liliaceae). About 50 species occur in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Article

Soybean

Soybean (Glycine max) is a herbaceous annual belonging to the legume family, grown as an oilseed crop in Canada. The soybean, among the oldest of cultivated crops, probably originated in East Asia. Introduced into the US as a hay crop about 1800, it was not recognized as a valuable source of edible oil until the early 1900s.
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Article

Sparrows in Canada

Sparrow is the name given to several unrelated groups of birds. Sparrows are classified in two families: Passerellidae, which includes American sparrows; and Passeridae, which includes the familiar house sparrow. About 25 species of the family Passerellidae regularly occur in Canada. Some notable native species are the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) and the lark bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys).
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Article

Species at Risk Legislation in Canada

Species at risk are species, subspecies or populations of animals, plants or fungi that are broadly considered to be in decline. In most cases, if the decline is not addressed, these species could be at risk of extinction. Canada is home to many species at risk, whether globally, nationally or locally (see Environmental Movements in Canada). Many pieces of legislation aim to prevent the decline or extinction of wild species in Canada, most notably the federal Species at Risk Act. Every province and territory also has its own regionally specific legislature.
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Macleans

Sperm Scare

During the mid-1970s, a Canadian Wildlife Service researcher discovered that birds in Lake Ontario were behaving in a bizarre way: unable to find mates, pairs of female herring gulls were nesting together and devotedly tending clutches of eggs that usually turned out to be infertile.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on April 1, 1996
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Article

Spinach

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), is a leafy, cool-season vegetable that belongs to the Chenopodiaceae family.
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Article

Spiraea

Spiraea is a genus of small shrubs of the family Rosaceae (rose). The genus consists of some 70-80 species, as well as many horticultural varieties of garden origin that have resulted from hybridization. Probably the most noteworthy of these hybrids is S.
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Article

Sponge

Sponges (phylum Porifera) are bottom-dwelling, attached, aquatic organisms which, as adults, generate vigorous water currents through their porous bodies by action of internal fields of microscopic flagella (whiplike structures). Sponges are the most primitive multicelled animals. The 5,000–10,000 known species are distributed worldwide in marine and freshwater habitats (98 per cent and 2 per cent of species, respectively).
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Article

Spotted Turtle

The spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata) is a small freshwater turtle native to Eastern North America. It is named for the bright yellow or yellow-orange spots on its shell, head and limbs. Its Canadian range is restricted to Southern and Central Ontario, where it is found in shallow wetland habitats such as swamps, marshes, fens and bogs. The spotted turtle is endangered, both in Canada and globally.
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