Browse "Nature & Geography"

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Article

Edmontosaurus

Edmontosaurus is a genus of large, plant-eating, duckbilled dinosaur. There are two species of Edmontosaurus. One, E. regalis, lived between 73.1 and 69.6 million years ago in Alberta. The other, E. annectens, lived between 68 and 66 million years ago in Saskatchewan, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and possibly Alberta. Edmontosaurus was one of the largest North American herbivores of its time and even surpassed Tyrannosaurus rex in size. The first specimen to be called Edmontosaurus was discovered in 1912 in the Drumheller area. It became the first mounted dinosaur skeleton on display in Canada.
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Article

Eel

Eel, snakelike fish of class Actinopterygii, order Anguilliformes (or Apodes).
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Article

Eggplant

Eggplant (Solanum melongena var. esculentum), or aubergine, perennial herbaceous plant of the nightshade family.
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Article

Elder

Elder, shrub of genus Sambucus, family Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle). Elders grow up to 3 m high and spread to form thickets. About 20 species are known worldwide; 3 are native to Canada.
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Article

Ellesmere Island Eocene Fossils

Some 55 million years ago, during the early Eocene Epoch, Ellesmere Island in Canada's eastern High Arctic was warm and ice-free. It was also home to lush lowland forests and swamps inhabited by alligators, giant tortoises, snakes, lizards, and a host of mammals that included primates, tapirs, hippo-like Coryphodon, and large, rhino-like brontotheres. In the nearby ocean, clams and snails thrived. This extinct environment, well above the Arctic Circle, combined a warm temperate climate with a typical Arctic light regime of bright summers and dark winters.
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Article

Ellesmere Island Pliocene Fossils

Toward the close of the Tertiary (5 to 2 million years ago) and the beginning of the ice age (Quaternary — about 2 million years ago), a beaver pond existed on what is now Canada's Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. The site, which is located near the head of Strathcona Fiord (78°33'N), was discovered by Geological Survey of Canada geologist John Fyles in 1961. It is the world's most northerly Early Pliocene vertebrate locality. The small exposure of peaty, fossil-bearing beds have produced tree trunks up to 3 m long, many beaver-cut sticks (some burned by forest fires), remains of freshwater mollusks, insects, pollen, plant macrofossils (such as twigs, cones and leaves) and vertebrates.
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Article

Elm

Elm (Ulmus), genus of trees of elm family (Ulmaceae), found only in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Article

Endangered Animals in Canada

Many animals in Canada face the risk of extinction. Animals are put at risk for several reasons, including: climate change, the loss of forest and grassland to cities and agriculture, hunting, fishing, and the pollution of lakes and rivers. As of 2026, 587 animal species are at risk in Canada, according to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. In addition, 21 are extirpated and 25 extinct. The committee’s definition of a wildlife species includes taxonomic categories as well as geographically distinct populations. For example, the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is included in the list of at risk animal species six times, as there are six different populations facing different threats to their survival.
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Article

Endangered Plants in Canada

A species is endangered if there are threats to its survival. Plants are put at risk for several reasons, including: climate change and the loss of natural habitat to cities, agriculture and industry. In Canada, these activities threaten entire natural ecosystems, such as older forests and Prairie grasslands. As of 2026, 240 plant species (including mosses) are at risk in Canada, according to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. In addition, four are extirpated and one is extinct. The committee’s definition of a wildlife species includes taxonomic categories as well as geographically distinct populations. For example, the bent spike-rush (Eleocharis geniculate) is included on the list of at risk plant species twice, as there are two different populations, one in British Columbia and one in Ontario, facing different threats to their survival. (See also Endangered Animals in Canada.)
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Macleans

Endangered Species Protection

Grant Fahlman, 51, has lived his whole life on the farm 25 km southeast of Regina where his family settled when they came from Russia in 1889, and this year was the first in his memory that no burrowing owls raised their broods in his pasture.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on December 20, 1999
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Article

Endive

Endive, or escarole (Cichorium endivia), herbaceous biennial vegetable belonging to the Compositae family.
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Article

Energy

The term "energy" is often used interchangeably with the term "power," but incorrectly so. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work and is measured in joules (J) or watt hours (1 Wh = 3600 J).
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Macleans

Energy Alternatives Getting Insufficient Government Support

CANADIANS ARE now committed to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol, even though Ottawa may not have a well-developed plan. But Dean Scammell does, and he's a good six years ahead of the government. In 1999, Scammell started building his 2,400-sq.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on February 28, 2005
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Article

Energy in Society

Energy plays a unique and critical role in the world; no activity of any kind (no "work") can take place without the movement or conversion of energy.
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Article

Entomology

Entomology is the branch of zoology dealing with the study of insects, although which organisms are included is open to interpretation. Probably, those animals covered by the Gk word entomon ("cut up, segmented") are appropriately considered insects, e.g., the arthropods, but crustaceans (except for a few terrestrial species) and a few small, marine arthropod groups, such as sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, are generally excluded. Entomologists study the following groups: Insecta; Myriapoda (e.g., millipedes, centipedes); and Arachnida (e.g., scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks). Hence, entomology embraces the study of the majority of known species of organisms.
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