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  • Article

    Editorial: The Stanley Flag and the “Distinctive Canadian Symbol”

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. Prime Minister Lester Pearson and John Matheson, one of his Liberal Members of Parliament, are widely considered the fathers of the Canadian flag. Their names were front and centre in 2015 during the tributes and celebrations to mark the 50th anniversary of the flag’s creation. But the role played by George Stanley is often lost in the story of how this iconic symbol came to be.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/a9adffc5-8796-4968-ac52-ab33df0fe6eb.jpg Editorial: The Stanley Flag and the “Distinctive Canadian Symbol”

  • Article

    The Tragically Hip

    The Tragically Hip have been called “the most Canadian band in the world” by the BBC. The New York Times described them as “the band that for many has come closest to defining [Canada]’s cultural identity.” Between 1987 and 2016, they cemented themselves as the most popular Canadian band ever — despite having limited success outside the country. Their records have sold over 6 million copies in Canada. Nine of the band’s 13 studio albums topped the Canadian sales chart. The Hip amassed 46 Juno Award nominations and 16 trophies, including three each for Entertainer of the Year and Group of the Year, three for Rock Album of the Year and one for Album of the Year. They also received the Juno’s Humanitarian Award and were inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and Canada’s Walk of Fame. After lead singer and lyricist Gord Downie announced he had terminal brain cancer in 2016, the band undertook a farewell tour that rivetted much of the country. Downie was named the Canadian Press Newsmaker of the Year in 2016 and 2017 — the first entertainer to receive the honour.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/4f532598-0d92-4792-b97d-dfb8aa849b65.jpg The Tragically Hip

  • Article

    The Travellers

    Active from 1953 to the 2000s, folk music group The Travellers were icons of Canada’s folk music revival. The first folk group signed by Columbia Records of Canada, The Travellers were best known for the patriotic enthusiasm of their Canadian lyrics for Woody Guthrie’s “This Land Is Your Land.” The group influenced many in the folk music movement of the 1960s and 1970s and helped spread the messages of left-leaning social movements such as the labour rights movement. They made many popular recordings and often appeared on television and in concert, across Canada and internationally.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 The Travellers

  • Article

    The Underground Railroad (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Underground Railroad was a secret organization. It was made up of people who helped African Americans escape from slavery in the southern United States. The people in this organization set up a system of routes that escaped slaves could travel to find freedom in the northern United States and Canada. In the 1800s (the 19th century) between 30,000 and 40,000 escaped slaves travelled to British North America (Canada) through the Underground Railroad. (This article is a plain-language summary of the Underground Railroad in Canada. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry on The Underground Railroad.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/62778b7a-e28f-4fe4-96c6-ec4011ee3af2.jpg The Underground Railroad (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Editorial

    Editorial: John Humphrey, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. In 1946, John Humphrey became director of the United Nations Division on Human Rights, and Eleanor Roosevelt was named the United States representative to the UN’s Commission on Human Rights. Humphrey was an obscure Canadian law professor. Roosevelt was the world’s most celebrated woman. For two years, they collaborated on the creation of one of the modern world’s great documents: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It was adopted on 10 December 1948.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/6afcc1db-4a9a-4e2f-9a50-ad1981f54caf.jpg Editorial: John Humphrey, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

  • Article

    The Weeknd

    Abel Makkonen Tesfaye (a.k.a. The Weeknd), singer, songwriter (born 16 February 1990 in Scarborough, ON). A global pop superstar, The Weeknd is known for his compelling brand of atmospheric, trip-hop-infused R&B and synth-driven pop music. His debut, House of Balloons (2011), sparked a storm of international attention. His chart-topping sophomore album, Beauty Behind the Madness (2015), solidified his status as a pop phenomenon. In 2015, he became the first artist to simultaneously hold the top three spots on Billboard’s Hot R&B Songs chart. In 2021, his song “Blinding Lights” supplanted Chubby Checker’s 1960 hit “The Twist” as Billboard’s No. 1 Song of All Time. The Weeknd was named one of Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential People of 2020 and performed solo at the Super Bowl halftime show in 2021. He has won 17 Juno Awards from 35 nominations, four Grammy Awards and 30 SOCAN Awards, among many other honours.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/5d31e139-b960-4f2a-a436-4bec53631213.jpg The Weeknd

  • List

    Notable Wrongful Convictions in Canada

    Canadians like to think our justice system is one of the best in the world. But ask the dozens of people prosecuted and imprisoned for serious crimes they didn't commit, and you're likely to get a different view, especially from those accused of murder. In recent decades, more than 20 Canadians have been locked up — much of their lives destroyed — for murders they had nothing to do with. Their wrongful convictions are a stain on our history, while their subsequent exonerations give cause for hope. Here are six of their stories. (See also Wrongful Convictions in Canada.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/a5a37c90-f350-403f-b8fd-d2b40c0520a9.jpg Notable Wrongful Convictions in Canada

  • Editorial

    Alexander Dunn at the Battle of Balaclava

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Alexander Dunn at the Battle of Balaclava

  • Article

    Thelma Chalifoux

    Thelma Julia Chalifoux, senator, entrepreneur, activist (born 8 February 1929 in Calgary, AB; died 22 September 2017 in St. Albert, AB). Chalifoux was the first Métis woman appointed to the Senate of Canada. As a senator, she was concerned with a range of issues, including Métis housing, drug company relations with the federal government, and environmental legislation. An ardent advocate for women’s and Indigenous rights, Chalifoux was involved in organizations such as the Aboriginal Women’s Business Development Corporation and the Métis Women’s Council. She was also known for her work in the protection of Métis culture, having served in the Alberta Métis Senate and Michif Cultural and Métis Resource Institute (now Michif Cultural Connections).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/IndiLeaderStamps/thelma-chalifoux-stamp.jpg Thelma Chalifoux

  • Article

    Thelma O'Neill

    Thelma (Grace Isabel) O'Neill (b Johannes). Pianist, teacher, b Hamilton, Ont, 28 Jun 1915, d Sherwood Park, Alta, 27 Jun 2003; ATCM 1932, L MUS (Saskatchewan) 1934, B MUS (Alberta) 1981. Her teachers included George C.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Thelma O'Neill

  • Article

    Thelma Reid Lower

    Thelma Reid Lower (b Reid). Writer, poet, music critic, b Victoria, BC, 5 Jan 1914; B ED English literature (University of British Columbia) 1958.

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  • Article

    Thelma Wilson

    Thelma Wilson (b Guttormson). Pianist, teacher, b Winnipeg, of Icelandic parents, 12 Apr 1919; ATCM 1935, LRSM 1935. She studied in Winnipeg with Louise McDowell and Leonard Heaton and developed a busy career as a solo performer, accompanist, and teacher.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Thelma Wilson

  • Article

    Theo Goldberg

    Theo Goldberg. Composer, teacher; born Chemnitz, Germany, 29 Sep 1921, died Vancouver 18 Feb 2012; naturalized Canadian 1973; MA (Washington State) 1969, D MUS (Toronto) 1972.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Theo Goldberg

  • Article

    Theodor Martens

    Theodor(e) (Heinrich August) Martens. Pianist, teacher, b Hamburg 28 Sep 1845, d after 1914. The son of a musician, he studied in Hamburg and later, 1864-7, at the Leipzig Cons with Moscheles and Reinecke. In 1868 he went to New York and toured the USA with Ole Bull.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Theodor Martens

  • Article

    Theodor Zoellner

    (Herman) Theodor Zoellner. Conductor, teacher, organist-choirmaster, b Dornburg, Saxony, Germany, 13 Apr 1854, d West Indies after 1922. The Zoellner family settled in Berlin (Kitchener), Ont, in 1861, and the father, Hans A.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Theodor Zoellner