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Article

RCAF Flyers

The RCAF (Royal Canadian Air Force) Flyers was a men’s amateur hockey team comprised mostly of RCAF personnel that was assembled quickly to represent Canada at the 1948 Winter Olympics. After losing exhibition games in Canada, the media declared the team a national embarrassment. Several roster changes improved the team and it won the Gold Medal at the Olympic Winter Games in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
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Article

RCAF Para-Belles

Between 1951 and 1957 the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) had seven nursing sisters who were trained to perform the duties of para-rescue specialists, the early version of today’s search and rescue technicians. Admiringly referred to as “para-belles” or “para-pets” in the press, the nurses were part of a small group of medical professionals trained for para-rescue in the 1950s. No other women would undertake para-rescue/SAR tech training until 1997.
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Article

RCAF Women's Division

Members of the Women’s Division (WD) of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) were wartime pioneers. Thousands of young Canadian women volunteered to serve at home and abroad during the Second World War as part of the air force. By replacing men in aviation support roles, they lived up to their motto — "We Serve that Men May Fly” — and, through their record of service and sacrifice, ensured themselves a place in Canadian history.
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Article

RCMP Troop 17

On 16 September 1974, thirty-two women from across Canada made history when they were sworn in as the first female officers in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). Known as Troop 17, they paved the way for equal opportunity in national law enforcement. In 2023, approximately 22 per cent of RCMP officers are women.
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Article

Réal Gagnier

Réal Gagnier. Oboist, teacher, b Montreal 24 Mar 1905, d there 19 Mar 1984. Like his brothers, he had his initial training from his father, Joseph; he then studied successively with his brother Ernest for six years, with Alexandre Laurendeau 1926-32, and with Fernand Gillet 1947-53.
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Article

Rebecca Belmore

Increasingly recognized as one of the most important artists of her generation, Rebecca Belmore's performances, videos, sculptures, and photographs starkly confront the ongoing history of oppression of Indigenous peoples in Canada.
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Article

Rebecca Jenkins

In 1988, Rebecca Jenkins secured a small part in Anne WHEELER's Cowboys Don't Cry, which generated four Genie Award nominations and a win for best original song. Wheeler cast Jenkins as the lead in her next film, BYE BYE BLUES (1989).
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Article

Rechie Valdez

Rechie Valdez, PC, politician, entrepreneur (born 17 September 1980 in Kitwe, Zambia). In the 2021 federal election, she became the first federally elected Filipina Canadian member of Parliament. She represents the riding of Mississauga―Streetsville in Ontario as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada. In 2023, she became the first woman from the Philippine community to serve as a Cabinet minister. She was the minister of Small Business until March 2025. After the 2025 election, Prime Minister Mark Carney appointed her as minister of Women and Gender Equality. She also occupies the position of secretary of state (Small Business and Tourism).
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Article

Récollets

Récollets, a reformed branch of the Franciscan family, came to France at the end of the 16th century. The main objective of the Récollets was to observe more strictly the Rule of St Francis, and like other semiautonomous branches, they came under the minister general of the Franciscans.
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Article

Reconciliation in Canada

In Canada, the process of reconciliation is tied to the federal government's relationship with Indigenous peoples. The term has come to describe attempts made by individuals and institutions to raise awareness about colonization and its ongoing effects on Indigenous peoples. Reconciliation also refers to efforts made to address the harms caused by various policies and programs of colonization, such as residential schools. For some, the word represents an opportunity to reflect on the past, to heal and to make right. For others, however, current gestures of reconciliation are merely performative and lack meaningful action to address the harms done by colonization. This is the full-length entry about Reconciliation in Canada. For a plain-language summary, please see Reconciliation in Canada (Plain-Language Summary).
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Article

Reconciliation in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)

The word reconciliation is used a lot in Canada. It is closely tied with Indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples were harmed in many ways in the past. Children were abused in residential schools. Their languages and cultures were taken from them (see Genocide and Indigenous Peoples in Canada). The key goal of reconciliation is to heal the wounds of the past and make reparations for these wounds. Reconciliation also includes making a better future. In Canada, the process of reconciliation has only recently started. The process will continue for a long time. This article is a plain-language summary of Reconciliation in Canada. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Reconciliation in Canada.
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Article

Record of Service Podcast

Record of Service, a podcast presented by The Memory Project, a program of Historica Canada. In this series, we bring you interviews with Canada’s veterans—their stories of life, loss and service.
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Article

Mi’k ai’stoowa (Red Crow)

Mi’k ai’stoowa, also known as Red Crow, warrior, peacemaker, Kainai (Blood) leader (born ca. 1830 near the junction of St. Mary’s and Oldman rivers, AB; died 28 August 1900 near the Belly River on the Kainai reserve, AB). Head chief of the Kainai, Mi’k ai’stoowa was a skilled negotiator and passionate advocate for his people. Mi’k ai’stoowa sought improved conditions for the Kainai in the wake of monumental changes amid the decline of the bison in traditional territories in the 1860s and 1870s, the encroachment of European settlers and the disastrous effects of smallpox epidemics.
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Editorial

Mi’k ai’stoowa (Red Crow) and Treaty 7

The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.
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Article

Red Dress Day

Red Dress Day, also known as the National Day of Awareness for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls and Two-Spirit People, is observed on May 5th. The day honours and brings awareness to the thousands of Indigenous women, girls and two-spirit people who have been subject to disproportionate violence in Canada. Red Dress Day was inspired by Métis artist Jaime Black’s REDress Project installation, in which she hung empty, red dresses to represent the missing and murdered women. Red dresses have become symbolic of the crisis as a result of her installation.
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