Browse "Communities & Sociology"
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Article
Tagak Curley
Tagak Curley, ONu, Inuit politician, administrator (born in 1944 on Southampton Island, just north of Hudson Bay, NT [now NU]). A strong advocate of Inuit, Tagak Curley was a founding member and first president of what is now the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami.
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Article
Tantoo Cardinal
Rose Marie “Tantoo” Cardinal, CM, actor (born 20 Jul 1950 in Fort McMurray, AB). Cree and Métis actor Tantoo Cardinal has broken barriers for onscreen representation of Indigenous peoples. She has more than 120 film, television and theatre roles to her credit, including the films Dances With Wolves (1990), Black Robe (1991), Smoke Signals (1998) and Through Black Spruce (2018); as well as the TV series Street Legal (1987–94), Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (1993–95), North of 60 (1993–97), Moccasin Flats (2003-06) and Mohawk Girls (2010–17). She is known for her strong presence, the depth of her performances and her activism on behalf of the environment. A Member of the Order of Canada, she has won a Gemini Award, the Earle Grey Award for lifetime achievement in Canadian television, a Governor General’s Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, a National Aboriginal Achievement Award (now Indspire Award), and was inducted into Canada’s Walk of Fame.
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Article
Ted King
Theodore “Ted” Stanley King, civil rights activist, real estate broker, accountant, railway porter (born 14 July 1925 in Calgary; died 7 July 2001 in Surrey, BC). Ted King was the president of the Alberta Association for the Advancement of Coloured People from 1958 to 1961, where he advocated for the rights of Black Canadians. In 1959, King launched a legal challenge against a Calgary motel’s discriminatory policy, decades before human rights protections existed throughout Canada. The case made it to the Alberta Supreme Court. Though it was not successful, King’s case exposed legal loopholes innkeepers exploited in order to deny lodging to Black patrons.
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List
Ten Black Canadians in the Armed Forces
Black Canadians have a proud tradition of military service dating to the American Revolution. Many volunteered for service during the 19th and 20th centuries, despite opposition from both civilian and military authorities. Until the Second World War, most Black Canadians served in segregated units like the Coloured Corps in the War of 1812 and No. 2 Construction Battalion in the First World War. Since then, Black soldiers, sailors and airmen and women have served in the regular and reserve forces at home and overseas. Here are some of their stories.
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Article
Tenskwatawa (The Prophet)
Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), Shawnee religious figure (born Lalawethika in Shawnee territory near the Great Lakes, 1775; died in Prophetstown, near Kansas City, Missouri, 1836).
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Article
Thaioronióhte Dan David
Thaioronióhte Dan David, journalist, educator, television producer, Indigenous rights advocate (born 2 June 1952 in Syracuse, New York; died 12 January 2026). An award-winning Kanyen’kéha:ka (Mohawk) journalist, Thaioronióhte Dan David trained South African journalists, created the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network’s news department, served on the board and advisory council of the Quebec Writers’ Federation and was the chair of diversity at Toronto Metropolitan University. He also taught at the University of Toronto.
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Article
Thanadelthur
Thanadelthur (Chipewyan for “marten shake”), peace negotiator, guide, teacher, interpreter (born c. 1697 likely in present-day northern MB; died 5 February 1717 at York Factory, MB). Known as the Ambassadress of Peace, Thanadelthur negotiated peace between the Chipewyan (Denesuline) and Cree peoples during the early fur trade. She was also instrumental in creating ties between the Chipewyan people and the Hudson’s Bay Company, as well as expanding the fur trade in today’s Churchill, Manitoba region.
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Editorial
The Assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee
The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. It is the greatest murder mystery in Canadian political history. Thomas D’Arcy McGee, Father of Confederation and outspoken opponent of the Fenians, was assassinated on an Ottawa street in the early hours of Tuesday, 7 April 1868.
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Article
Quebec Film History: 1896 to 1969
This entry presents an overview of Quebec cinema, from its beginnings in the silent film era to the burgeoning of a distinctly Quebec cinema in the 1960s. It highlights the most important films, whether in terms of box office success or international acclaim, and covers both narrative features and documentaries. It also draws attention to an aspect of filmmaking that still has difficulty finding its place: women’s cinema.
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Article
The Coloured Corps: Black Canadians and the War of 1812
The Coloured Corps (also known as Runchey's Company of Coloured Men, or Black Corps) was a militia company of Black men raised during the War of 1812.
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Editorial
Editorial: The Courage of Terry Fox
The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. Terry Fox was the boy who never gave up. His short life was devoted to achieving his goals. Obstacles just made him try harder. When he learned he had cancer and would lose his leg, he resolved to do something to help other cancer victims. When the disease claimed him on 28 June 1981, he left a legacy of hope that inspired millions to continue his cause.
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Article
The Four Kings of Canada
The Four Kings of Canada were prominent leaders from the Haudenosaunee Confederacy who traveled to London to request a British invasion of French Canada in 1710 during the War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War). They presented Queen Anne with wampum and received numerous gifts, including the Queen Anne communion silver that is housed today in two Mohawk Chapels Royal. The high-profile reception of the Four Kings of Canada strengthened the military alliance between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and Britain and shaped British perceptions of North American Indigenous peoples in the early 18th century.
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Editorial
Editorial: Baldwin, LaFontaine and Responsible Government
The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. The Baldwin–LaFontaine government of 1848 has been called the “great ministry.” In addition to establishing responsible government, it had an incomparable record of legislation. It established a public school system and finalized the founding of the University of Toronto. It set up municipal governments and pacified French-Canadian nationalism after a period of unrest. Responsible government did not transform Canada overnight into a fully developed democracy. But it was an important milestone along the road to political autonomy. Most importantly, it provided an opportunity for French Canadians to find a means for their survival through the British Constitution. The partnership and friendship between Baldwin and LaFontaine were brilliant examples of collaboration that have been all too rare in Canadian history.
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Article
The History of Canadian Women in Sport
For hundreds of years, very few sports were considered appropriate for women, whether for reasons of supposed physical frailty, or the alleged moral dangers of vigorous exercise. Since the late 19th century, however, women in Canada have participated in a growing list of sports — not only those deemed graceful and feminine, but also the sweaty, rough-and-tumble games traditionally played only by men (e.g., hockey, boxing, soccer, rugby)
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Timelines
The Indian Act
The Indian Act is the principal law through which the federal government administers Indian status, local First Nations governments and the management of reserve land and communal monies. The Indian Act does not include Métis or Inuit peoples. The Act came into power on 12 April 1876. It consolidated a number of earlier colonial laws that sought to control and assimilate Indigenous peoples into Euro-Canadian culture. The Indian Act has been amended many times over...
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